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An abstract class that represents the code and data associated with a single task.
SDKs
Framework
Because the class is an abstract class, you do not use it directly but instead subclass or use one of the system-defined subclasses ( or ) to perform the actual task. Despite being abstract, the base implementation of does include significant logic to coordinate the safe execution of your task. The presence of this built-in logic allows you to focus on the actual implementation of your task, rather than on the glue code needed to ensure it works correctly with other system objects.
An operation object is a single-shot object—that is, it executes its task once and cannot be used to execute it again. You typically execute operations by adding them to an operation queue (an instance of the
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class). An operation queue executes its operations either directly, by running them on secondary threads, or indirectly using the library (also known as Grand Central Dispatch). For more information about how queues execute operations, see
.
If you do not want to use an operation queue, you can execute an operation yourself by calling its method directly from your code. Executing operations manually does put more of a burden on your code, because starting an operation that is not in the ready state triggers an exception. The property reports on the operation’s readiness.
Dependencies are a convenient way to execute operations in a specific order. You can add and remove dependencies for an operation using the and methods. By default, an operation object that has dependencies is not considered ready until all of its dependent operation objects have finished executing. Once the last dependent operation finishes, however, the operation object becomes ready and able to execute.
The dependencies supported by make no distinction about whether a dependent operation finished successfully or unsuccessfully. (In other words, canceling an operation similarly marks it as finished.) It is up to you to determine whether an operation with dependencies should proceed in cases where its dependent operations were cancelled or did not complete their task successfully. This may require you to incorporate some additional error tracking capabilities into your operation objects.
The class is key-value coding (KVC) and key-value observing (KVO) compliant for several of its properties. As needed, you can observe these properties to control other parts of your application. To observe the properties, use the following key paths:
Although you can attach observers to these properties, you should not use Cocoa bindings to bind them to elements of your application’s user interface. Code associated with your user interface typically must execute only in your application’s main thread. Because an operation may execute in any thread, KVO notifications associated with that operation may similarly occur in any thread.
If you provide custom implementations for any of the preceding properties, your implementations must maintain KVC and KVO compliance. If you define additional properties for your objects, it is recommended that you make those properties KVC and KVO compliant as well. For information on how to support key-value coding, see
Key-Value Coding Programming Guide
. For information on how to support key-value observing, see
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This article has shed light on popular in/justice as it plays out in the conflict-ridden territories of Fizi and Uvira located in the eastern Congo. It has shown how this disconcerting phenomenon should be situated in a context characterized by different types violence that are separated by permeable boundaries and that are flexibly located on wide public-private, licit-illicit, spiritual-non-spiritual and ‘from above’ – ‘from below’ spectra. Similarly, killings related to popular in/justice are informed by multiple rationalities, and evaluated and framed in widely divergent manners. Importantly, popular in/justice is sometimes seen as justified, although opinions always tend to be divided. It may for example be seen as a deserved punishment of recidivist criminals, or believed to restore harmony, peace and order in the community or household, or be seen as a form of autoprise en charge in the face of dysfunctional state institutions.
Like in other contexts where popular in/justice occurs, in Fizi/Uvira, it is strongly related to shifting authority structures, which create both the incentives and space for groups ‘to take the law into their own hands’. The waning and transformation of customary, state and religious authority has generated a climate in which the resolution of disputes, whether at the personal, family, neighbourhood or community level, has become increasingly challenging. This includes dealing with accusations of ulozi and its effects. Various factors compound this, including the decreasing capacity of customary chiefs to handle these matters, the suppression of customary courts, and the pluralisation of religious authority. The resulting general crisis in dispute processing, which is also a product of dysfunctional state-led justice and security services, has increased the appeal of seeking coercive ‘solutions’, which mostly occurs via soliciting private guns. Yet, in other cases, unresolved conflicts and grudges may enkindle the spread of rumors, and result in accusations related to ulozi . For those diffusing such accusations, as for those effectuating the killings, who are often youth, this constitutes a means of exercising efficacious and meaningful agency, relating to practices of order-making and social cleansing.
Such violent techniques of claiming, demonstrating and exercising socio-political agency are also a result of the growing awareness among ‘the mass’ of its collective power, which partly resides in its importance to politicians. This relates in particular to youth, who claim their place in local societies in an increasingly vocal, and sometimes violent, manner. In this, they are often inspired by techniques and discourses derived from the Mai-Mai imaginary, which historically plays an important role in Fizi/Uvira. Thus, they employ
dawa
and discourses of autochthony and
autodéfense
. Politicians have capitalised upon these developments by attempting to harness the forceful agency of youngsters for realising their own agendas. However, youth also pursue their own projects, causing manipulation by politicians to sometimes unleash a momentum that the initial instigators are no longer able to control. Popular in/justice can be seen as one of the by-products of these transformations of socio-political space, serving as a channel through which marginalised yet demographically numerous groups assert socio-political agency and engage in order-making. As such, it essentially constitutes a perverse form of ‘democratisation’, which draws inspiration from the behaviour of politicians, who tend to manipulate violence in order to reinforce their position.
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At the same time, these practices do not merely mimic current leadership; they also comment on, compensate for and revolt against ‘the authorities’, seen to be at the root of multiple injustices.